Mount Fuji, Japan’s highest mountain and a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site, has remained dormant since its last eruption in 1707. However, experts say another major eruption is inevitable and could be catastrophic to human and wildlife populations alike. The ecosystems of the mountain encompass unique flora and fauna like Fuji thistle and cave-dwelling animals found in the Aokigahara forest and the volcanic caves. An eruption would destroy these habitats, covering vegetation in layers of ash and throwing food chains into disarray. Birds, mammals, and insects could be severely affected, including by loss of habitat and changes in behavior caused by the accumulation of ash. The government has started preparing plans to mitigate the impact of such an event, including evacuation plans and emergency measures.
Historical Context of Mount Fuji’s Eruptions
Mount Fuji is known for major eruptions, the most recent one being the Hoei eruption in 1707, which covered a large area in ash. Past eruptions have shown the devastating capability of volcanic activity on ecosystems and human settlements. Fuji had remained dormant for more than 300 years, but experts say the volcano is still considered active and can erupt at any moment.
Projected Ashfall Impact on Tokyo
Experts believe that a future eruption could leave up to 4 inches of ash across Tokyo and the surrounding prefectures. This would disrupt transportation systems, halt railway services, and cause power outages. Rainy weather could make these conditions worse by hardening ash into a heavy sludge, increasing the risk of infrastructure collapse.
Wildlife Disruption in Mount Fuji’s Ecosystems
The biodiversity around Mount Fuji is especially susceptible to volcanic activity. Ashfall can smother plants like knotweed and Fuji thistle and displace or kill animals like birds and lizards. In previous eruptions in other areas, stunned birds altered their predatory habits, while insects, such as grasshoppers, showed resilience. However, many species struggle to adapt to the sudden environmental changes.
Health Risks for Residents
Ashfall poses significant health risks for people living in affected areas. Prolonged exposure can irritate the throat or eyes, particularly for individuals with respiratory conditions. To mitigate these effects, the government recommends wearing goggles and masks when engaging in outdoor activities.
Evacuation Guidelines for Different Ashfall Levels
The expert panel has established evacuation protocols depending on the level of ash accumulation. People in areas with less than 12 inches of ash are encouraged to stay at home, while residents in areas with heavy ashfall must evacuate, as their houses could collapse. Special arrangements are recommended for those requiring medical attention.
Emergency Supply Recommendations
Because volcanic eruptions can last for an extended period of time, residents are urged to have at least two weeks’ worth of emergency supplies on hand. This is especially important because ashfall can disrupt supply chains and make it hard to restock in a disaster.
Infrastructure Challenges During Stage 4 Ashfall
Ashfall could severely impact essential services like electricity, water supply, and communication networks. Governments must prioritize maintaining infrastructure while identifying temporary storage site for fallen ash.
Volcanic Ash Disposal Strategies
The panel proposes innovative ways of disposing of volcanic ash, including repurposing it as a construction material or discarding it in the ocean as an emergency measure. The aim is to reduce environmental impact while facilitating relief efforts.
Hazard Maps and Evacuation Plans
Mount Fuji’s hazard maps were recently updated to reflect new scientific data and expanded the estimated impact zones. The new evacuation plan includes measures to save lives by directing residents to safe indoor buildings when ashfalls occur, ensuring no one is left behind.
Preparing for Future Eruptions
Professor Emeritus Fujii Toshitsugu emphasizes the importance of proactive disaster preparedness. Training more experts in volcano-related relief efforts and educating residents about potential risks are critical steps toward mitigating the effects of a Mount Muji eruption on human populations and wildlife.
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